राज्यसेवा पूर्व परीक्षा २०१४ - Paper 2

     "Half a century later, Indians learnet to die for their cause. In this pursuit we were greatly helped by the examples of martyrs from Ireland and Russia. Thus,it will be wrong to search for thr causes therof only with India, right ?" 

     "Of Course, Saifubhai. Whole world is interconnected."
     "Shankar, the success of any revolutionary movement is dependent on two things. First, how much inspiration it draws from international conditions and examples. Second, how much of the most revolution prone class participates in it. I have already given some examples of the first. The second source is that of the workers, the farmers, the people. Only those can fight the revolutionary battle who have nothing to lose. How can someone who is afraid of being deprived of Sakina's luscious lips, this bungalow and the hereditary rights over villages be a revolutionary fighter? Therefore I say, only the ordinary people can be the vehicle of the revolution."
     "I too agree".
     "Fine, you are aware of the public enthusiasm. Now, see how the international conditions can be inspiring. The last world war evoked a lot of fire. It was fought at the instance of imperialism the last ditch effort to have a control over the safe markets for capital and finished goods. Germany wanted new colonies but the world was already divided. So, the war was necessary for grabbing the colonies. As a result, Germany got entangled in a war with England and France, who owned the colonies. It was good that Germany lost the war, however a new enemy to the kicking imperialism was born - Communism awakening imperialism out of its slumber, Goods should be produced for the happiness and prosperity, of all the mankind, not for profit. Machines are improved, industries proliferate, production increases and a large market is required for its sale. However, that requires rolling cash in the hands of the consumer. Consumers should be paid their wages adequately. If there is a decrease in cashflow, sale of goods will decrease. Goods will pile up in godowns. There will be a financial depression. Production will have to be reduced. Factories will close down. People will lose jobs. What can they buy without money? How will factories be run ? Communism says, give up the lust for profit. Think of your country and the world as a family and produce only what you need. Let everybody work according to his capacity. Give him the necessities of life as per his needs. All of this can happen if land or factories will not be individually owned. All the means of production should belong to one big family."

Question number 6 to 10 :
     In the simplest sense, evolution means the slow process of change from a simple to a more complex structure. Evolution assumes that all living things are inter-related. Humans are supposed to have developed from some simpler forms. Most of the scientists today accept the basic principle of evolution but they have varying views regarding how evolution has taken place or how would it go. The evolution of life began in the oceans. About four hundred million years ago the first land based creature emerged. Some of these gradually evolved into the reptiles who were later displaced by mammals. Mammals are warm-blooded creatures having greater capacity to learn from experiences than other animals and this capacity has reached to its highest development in the human species. Our closest relatives are Chimpanzee, Gorilla and Orang-utan. Similarities between man and other animal forms were identified by Linnaeus who grouped man, the great ape and monkey in a single order, primates. The three main theories of evolution are Lamarckism, Darvinism and Synthetic theory. Lamarck is chiefly remembered for his belief in the inheritability of acquired characters which is disputed. But he is credited in the history of evolutionary thought for recognizing and stating for the first time that evolution is a universal truth covering all forms of life and it is a gradual and an incessant process. The scientific propagation of the theory of evolution was mainly the work of Charles Darwin. He said that human evolution occurs through the process of natural selection. The main points of this theory are struggle for existence, variation, survival of the fittest and natural selection. Darwins natural selection serves as the corner stone of the modern synthesis but the mutation theory, mendelian genetics and the statistics of population dynamics are also very important components of its foundation. The basic postulate of the synthetic theory is that evolution proceeds principally as a result of the interaction between five indispensable processes mutation, change in the chromosome number and structure, genetic recombination, natural selection and reproductive isolation. This is also called Neo Darvinism.

Question number 11 to 15 :
    The Earth's genes, species and ecosystems are the products of over 300 million years of evolution, and are the basis for the survival of our own species. Biological diversity is invaluable because future practical values are unpredictable. Genetic diversity, which provides the variability to enable species to adapt to changing conditions is important to all species. In addition genetic variability in cultivated and domesticated species has become a significant socio-economic resource. Without the genetic variability the new varieties cannot be developed moreover the global food production would have been far less than it is at present and far less adaptable to the future environmental changes.
    Biological resources including genetic resources organisms or parts of organisms, populations or any other biotic component of any ecosystem with actual or potential use to humanity are renewable, and with proper management can certainly support human needs. These resources and the diversity of the systems which support them, are therefore the essential foundation of sustainable development.
    The available evidence indicates that human activities are eroding biological resources and greatly reducing the planet's biodiversity. Estimating precise rate of loss, or adjudging the current status of species is challenging. As there is no systematic monitoring system in place and much of the baseline information is lacking the situation is serious especially in the species rich equatorial region.
    The loss of biodiversity is due to economic factors, especially the low values given to biodiversity and to the ecological functions such as watershed protection, nutrient cling, pollution control, soil formation, photosynthesis and evolution upon which human welfare depends. Therefore, virtually all sectors of human society have interest in the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources. However, no single sector can by-itself, ensure that biological resources are managed to provide sustainable supplies of products, rather, co-operation is required between the various sectors, ranging from research to tourism.

Question number 16 to 20 :
     A three level Laser, the simplest kind, uses an assembly of atoms (molecules) that have a metastable state, some energy above the ground state and still a higher excited state that decays to the metastable state. More atoms are required in the metastable state than in the ground state. If the same is arranged and light of particular frequency is made to shine on the assembly, there will be more induced emission from atoms in the metastable state than induced absorption by atoms in the ground state. The result will be amplification of original light. This concept constitutes the principle of operation of laser. The term population inversion describes on assembly of atoms in which the majority are in energy levels above the ground state; normally, the ground state is occupied to the greatest extent. Optical pumping is one of the common techniques to produce a population inversion. In a three level laser, more than half the atoms must be in the metaslable state for induced emission to predominate. This is not the case for a four level laser. In the same way the laser transition from metastable state ends at an unstable intermediate state rather than a ground state. Because the intermediate state decays rapidly to the ground state, very few atoms are in the intermediate state. Hence even a modest amount of pumping is enough to populate the metastable state.